Black diamonds also contain tiny inclusions of other minerals, often iron and iron oxide minerals such as magnetite and hematite which can provide dark tones, as well as give them a magnetic quality. Black diamonds can be jet black or they can be a lighter or smokier shade.

Slightly tinted diamonds, such as yellow or pink, on the other hand, get their coloring from impurities within the carbon itself.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLEAR, SLIGHTLY TINTED AND BLACK DIAMONDS

Before discussing their differences, one similarity is that all diamonds have a hardness of 10.

Black diamonds differ from traditional diamonds in color, composition and structure.  The crystalline structure of black diamonds is polycrystalline meaning it consists of many small grains of various sized and shaped crystals.  Clear diamonds are usually made up of one single large continuous crystal.

With black diamonds, light is absorbed into the small crystals of graphite as opposed to light being refracted with the brilliant diamonds.  Clear diamonds are cut to create “windows” that cause more sparkle and luster.

Black or dark grey diamonds usually have a pitted surface and their numerous inclusions can cause the diamonds to fracture very easily. These inclusions also make them more difficult to cut, polish and finish.

Black diamonds are also more porous than other diamonds.

HOW NATURAL BLACK DIAMONDS FORM

Black diamonds form differently than clear diamonds and there are different theories regarding their formation.

One belief is that black diamonds are clear diamonds with black pieces of coal inside that occurred during crystal formation.  Another belief is that black diamonds are a result of being mined when they are in between the graphite and pure diamond stages.  Analysis suggests that radioactive inclusions were present in the formation process of carbonado.

Conventional diamonds are typically created when the extreme high pressure within the Earth’s interior transforms organic carbon /graphite into diamonds. Traditional diamonds have been discovered in all areas of the world where they are mined from explosive volcanic rocks called kimberlites. There has never been one black diamond found in those volcanic rocks.  Black diamonds are typically found in loosely arranged sediment deposits.

WHERE BLACK DIAMONDS ARE FOUND

Black diamonds are only found in two locales, far away from other diamond deposits. They were originally discovered in Brazil in the mid 1800s and were subsequently found in Central Africa.

POSSIBLE EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN

Scientists have found trace amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen in black diamonds, indicating they can be extraterrestrial in origin. If that is the case, they most likely came from outer space and fell to the Earth as a meteor.

Here is one study…

In 2006, there was a study published about black diamonds. Stephen Haggerty and Jozsef Garai of Florida International University analyzed the hydrogen in black diamond samples using infrared-detection instruments at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The researchers determined that the chemical properties of carbonado indicated that the mineral formed in a supernova explosion that took place prior to the formation of our Solar System.  As a result, carbonado is believed to be similar to carbon-rich cosmic dust, having likely formed near carbon stars. The diamonds were eventually incorporated into solid bodies that subsequently fell to Earth as meteorites.

The argument against this theory is that the shock of a meteorite impact normally creates a hexagonal diamond shape inside the samples and that is not the case with carbonado.

ENHANCED BLACK DIAMONDS

Many black diamonds are treated with radiation to create their black color. They appear black under normal lighting, however, they are actually a very dark green.  This very dark green color can only be seen when a fiber-optic light source is placed near a thin edge of the diamond, illuminating the interior.  Typically, when diamonds are enhanced, they become uniform in color.  Natural black diamonds never have a dark green coloring.

MYTHS AND LEGENDS

In India, black diamonds are often associated with snakes because many believe they resemble snake eyes.

Many years ago, the Italians believed that black diamonds had the power to bring back a loving relationship to marriages.

Even though black diamonds are less common and not as popular as traditional diamonds, recently they have become more valuable. Recent interest and great marketing has kept the price of black diamonds almost on a par of white diamonds.

OPTICAL PHENOMENA (PHENOMENONS) IN CRYSTALS…

Crystal Optical Phenomena is an effect produced when a light source interacts with the structural features of or the inclusions within the crystal.  It involves the transmitting or reflecting of light that it is subjected to. Generally, these phenomenons ARE NOT a result of the crystal’s chemical make-up.

Optical effects are sometimes named after a crystal or its mineral content. ie: opalescence (opals), aventurescence (aventurine), labradorescence (labradorite) and adularescence (adularia, a type of moonstone).

One term used to describe an optical phenomena is “The Girasol Effect.” The girasol effect refers to a glowing milky sheen that appears like it is moving when the stone is turned in the presence of any light source.

“Girasol” in Spanish means “sunflower.” Girasols can refer to hyacinth opals, a yellow or orange type of precious opal OR semi-transparent opals which have a bulgy bluish sheen similar to moonstones.

With hyacinth opals, a light appears to float within the crystal.  This floating light follows the light source it is exposed to.  This is different from opalescence in common opals which displays a subtle haziness with the scattering of light.

Here are some common crystal optical phenomena….

ADULARESCENCE comes from the word “adularia,” a translucent or transparent orthoclase mineral.  Moonstones are a member of the orthoclase family and adularescense applies primarily to moonstones.  Besides moonstones, adularescence is found in agates, milky white opals and rose quartz.

Adularescence is caused when light interacts and scatters the tiny inclusions within the crystal.  In the case of moonstone, the light source affects the alternating layers of orthoclase and albite.

This phenomenon appears like moon light floating on water, hence the name “moonstone.” The generally milky white / bluish glowing sheen (usually non hazy) originates from below the surface of the gemstone. Turning the stone or removing it from a light source makes the “effect” appear like it is moving.  White adularescence is more common, however orange or blue lusters can appear in the more rare stones.

The term “schiller or “shiller” (German for twinkle) is often used interchangeably for adularescence or aventurescence.  It refers to the metallic iridescence that originates below the surface of the crystal when light is reflected between the layers of minerals.

ASTERISM is a popular phenomena. The word “asterism” comes from the Greek word “aster” which means “star” and the effect created is a luminous wavy star shape across the surface of the stone. This often billowy and shiny looking reflection is caused when light hits and scatters the tiny parallel shaped fibers inside the crystal. As the stone is turned toward or away from a light source, the reflection appears as if it is floating or moving. The inclusions are often rutile impurities which can be in the shape of needles, tubes or platelets.

Asterism is best seen when a stone has been cut into a cabochon and is exposed to direct sun light.  Stones that may display asterism are star rubies, star sapphires, garnet, diopside, rose quartz and spinel.

There are two types of asterism…

Epiasterism refers to light being reflected due to the parallel shaped inclusions inside the stone. Stones in this category are rubies, sapphires and most other gems.

Diasterism refers to light that is transmitted through the stone. This occurs when the light is shone through and illuminated from the bottom of the stone.  Rose Quartz is in this category.

AVENTURESCENCE (AKA  aventurization) is a reflective effect that looks like glitter.  It comes from many tiny MINERALS WITHIN the stone. In the case of green aventurine, it is the mica particles of fuschite that turn it green.  Iron oxides make aventurine red.  Sunstone is another stone that exhibits aventurescence.

CHATOYANCE or CHATOYANCY (“oeil de chat” is French for cat’s eye)

These are clearly defined silky looking luminous bands of light that run length wise from one end of the stone to the other. They appear to “float” or turn when the crystal is rotated. A cat’s eye effect is created when the parallel fibrous INCLUSIONS or CAVITIES within the stone reflect light into a direction perpendicular to their direction.

Chatoyance is found in chrysoberyl cat’s eye, aka cymophane, Greek for “wavelike form.”

Chatoyance is also displayed in tiger eye.  In tiger eye, the bands are caused by the fibrous STRUCTURE of the material.  Other stones which can display a similar chatoyant effect to chrysoberyl are tourmaline, aquamarine, scapolite, spinel, quartz and ruby.

FLUORESCENCE is caused when invisible short wavelengths are absorbed within the crystal and are then converted and sent back out as longer wavelengths. When these fluorescent minerals are exposed to ultraviolet radiation light, they give off an invisible light.  Usually, an impurity within the crystal is responsible for its fluorescence and the most common impurity in fluorescent minerals is manganese.

Many crystals have fluorescence.  Some of the more common ones are apatite, aragonite, beryl, calcite, celestite, danburite, dumortierite, fluorite, hiddenite, howlite, kunzite, prehnite, rhodocrosite, rhodonite, selenite, sodalite, sphalerite, spinel, sulphur and willemite.

IRIDESCENCE in crystals is when the surface appears to change color as the angle of the view or illumination from the light changes. The word iridescence comes from “iris” which in Greek means “rainbows.”

3 Types of Optical Iridescence (Orient and Labradorescence and Play of Color)

ORIENT IRIDESCENCE  The word “orient” refers to the deep and warm lustrous glow that are found in pearls.  In addition to pearls, fire agate, rainbow calcite, some obsidians and iris agate belong to this classification.

LABRADORESCENCE: is an optical phenomenon found in labradorite.  Labradorite is a feldspar composed of a complex range of minerals and very fine grained layers of sedimentary rock.  Labradorite has thin fractures within the stone which appear on the surface.  When light hits the parallel layers and fractures within the stone, it can create iridescence flashes of blues, greens, oranges, yellows and reds.  This is particularly true with grayish to black varieties of labradorite.

PLAY OF COLOR (aka Color Flashes or Pseudochromatic Coloration) can be caused a couple of ways.

Flashes can be caused when rays of light are scattered and broken down by different light wavelengths.  When the angle of the light source changes, so do the colors that are reflected from the crystal’s surface.

These color flashes happen when some of the light is reflected from the surface of the stone while some of the light is reflected off the backside of the stone as a result of the light travelling through the crystal.

Stones that have a play of color include ammonite, cat’s eye, feldspar, labradorite and opal.

OPALESCENCE (aka Defraction) appears as a milky iridescence or brightness from the surface of the crystal. This subtle hazy scattering of light is most commonly found in common opals and in some agates.

PEARLESCENCE: (aka Luster) is another form of irisdescence.  Pearlescence displays lustrous rainbows.  This pearly appearance can be found primarily in pearls, talc and gypsum.

PLEOCHROISM (aka COLOR CHANGE EFFECT and TENEBRESENCE) This optical phenomenon causes a crystal to change colors when it is viewed at different angles with various light waves.

Some crystals change colors depending on the light source they are subjected to: sun light, fluorescent light or incandescent light.

Alexandrite is known for its strong pleochroism properties..  Alexandrite, a chrysoberyl, is considered the best example of a stone that changes colors.  One reason for its green to red color change is the type of light it is exposed to.  Alexandrite that comes from the Ural Mountains in Russia is green by natural sun light and red by incandescent light (the light given off by our standard light bulbs).  Other varieties of alexandrite can be yellowish or pink in daylight and grayish tan to raspberry red by the common incandescent light bulb.

Another reason for its color change could be a very slight change in its mineral content. Alexandrite contains aluminum, iron, titanium and chromium. Minute amounts of its aluminum are sometimes replaced by chromium which can explain another reason for its color change. This is known as the “alexandrite effect.”

Other gems that can change color are: blue garnets, sapphires, spinel and rubellite (pink tourmaline).

Crystals benefit humans.  Crystals also help our furry friends. If the healing properties of a crystal can benefit our issue, chances are it can also provide relief for the same issue with our pet.

Below is a list of crystals and the animal issues they can help.

Prehnite – calms hyperactive animals

Copper and / or Mookaite calms and helps animals settle down

Lepidolite- good for calming and for dogs that have behavioral and anxiety issues

Rose Quartz – wonderful for strays, traumatized animals or those obtained from a rescue group

Blue Celestite – helps rescued animals trust again

Citrine- helps a pet (especially a rescued one) settle down in their new home

Charoite helps dogs from being too territorial

Blue Calcite- benefits dogs that lash out and snap at people or other animals.
There are some folks who can also benefit from Blue Calcite.  ; > )

Blue Howlite- protection for the runt of the litter

Blue Lace Agate – helps reduce dog barking

Blue Quartz – an overall good healing stone for animals

Applications for Use…

As always, please exercise good judgment and err of the side of caution when working with crystals and our pets.

Crystal pendants can be worn loosely around a dog’s neck. They can be creatively attached to a collar. If you leave home, please err on the side of caution and remove the pendant from the pooch.

Hold the appropriate crystal on your pet while spending quality time with them or giving them a “healing session.”

Make a “gem elixir” with the appropriate stone  (the same as we do for ourselves) and use it in place of regular water for your pet.

One way to determine if a crystal would benefit your animal is by using your pendulum. First,  you must be familiar with  your yes and no direction.  With your pet laying down, hold your crystal pendulum about 6” – 12” above him or her.  Ask the pendulum if this is the right crystal for (say your pet’s name).

It is the trace amounts of other minerals which determine whether the stone is labeled a ruby or a sapphire. Most of us associate rubies with the color red. Rubies range in color from blood red to reddish to pink. The presence and concentration of chromium is what turns rubies red.  The more the chromium, the more the red.

Just as most of us associate red with rubies, most of us think of blue when speaking of sapphires. While blue may be the most common color of sapphires, sapphires can also be yellow, purple, orange, greenish or pink. Technically, pink sapphires have lesser amounts of chromium which is what differentiates them from pink rubies.

So, what turns sapphires any of the above colors? Minute amounts of iron, titanium and good ole chromium, a hard white metal that is # 24 on the periodic table of elements.  By the way, chromium is used in making stainless steel.

A question often asked is  ”What should I do when my crystal breaks?”

This is a good question and one which comes with different responses. Why would a crystal slip through our hands, fall from a shelf or disappear for no apparent reason?  Why do we lose our beloved crystals to theft?  When crystals break, disappear or get stolen, it happens for a reason, even though we may not know why at the time.

When in our presence, crystals can absorb, protect and shield us from harmful negative energy. Unbeknownst to us, this toxic energy around us can wreak havoc on our emotional, intellectual, mental and physical well being. These wonderful crystals can remove, absorb, dissolve and take in the undesirable vibrations around us. Often times, this overwhelming negativity becomes too much (even for the crystal) and it breaks, explodes or shatters.

Sometimes, the location and timing of where and when crystals break provides information as to why this happened.  The properties of a crystal can also have something to do with why they may have been compromised.

Other explanations:

Divine intervention

Messages from our angels or spirit guides

Maybe the crystal didn’t resonate with our energy / vibration

In the case of disappearance or theft, maybe the crystal was called to benefit someone else.

I believe THAT EVERYTHING happens for a reason. As painful as it is to lose an item we cherish, I believe that the item served its purpose for us and had to move on.  Clearing our mind and focusing can usually ascertain some answers.

CRYSTALS IN HEALINGS

Many of us use crystals in healing ourselves and others.

When crystals explode, break or crack in healing applications, they should NEVER AGAIN be used.  Here again… The crystal took in (absorbed) the bad or negative energy that our body would normally have taken.  We can only imagine the harm we would have endured from the “bad energy” that caused the crystal to break or explode.  In this case, the crystal served its purpose to us. We have to thank it and bury it.

In cases where crystals have fallen, some may opt to glue it and keep it.  If you can’t part with the crystal, tell it that you enjoy and appreciate it and want it to remain with you. Important note… When crystals brake, they should NEVER again be used for health and healing.  A break can change its energy and vibration.

Some crystal “purists” believe when crystals fall, break, split or chip, they should be buried back into the earth. Go with your gut feeling on that. However, when a crystal EXPLODES, all of the pieces MUST be buried.

Someone mentioned that 3 of their stones (rose quartz, onyx and aqua aura) had recently broken:

My responses take into account the crystal’s properties and how that may have been instrumental in the crystal(s) being compromised.

Rose quartz represents love, love relationships, our emotions, our heart and heart chakra.  Many people place a rose quartz in their bra to help ease stress and anxiety related chest pains.  Over time, the rose quartz may turn white or break from having absorbed bad energy that normally would have affected our heart and our health.

Onyx works on the psyche, deflecting negative energy, providing stamina, inner harmony, a sense of responsibility and self confidence to the user.  When onyx breaks or shatters, here again we have to think about how these related issues may pertain to us.

Aqua Aura (clear quartz bonded with vaporized gold) is very fragile and can break easily. Aqua Aura has a high and intense vibration. It calms and soothes the emotions, benefits depression, anxiety and chaotic behavior and is a tremendous stress reliever. Aqua Aura can protect the wearer from psychic or psychological attacks.  Aqua Aura increases our spiritual evolvement and removes malicious and “parasitic” energies from our energy field. Many intuitives, channelers and healers are drawn to the gentle energy of this gorgeous crystal.

I have had aqua aura pieces break in two and somehow feel it is OK to keep both pieces.  However, that’s me.

Another question comes from someone who recently purchased many crystal hearts from me to give as gifts.  She had given the fluorite heart to her friend, who in turn gave it to her daughter to hold. Unfortunately, it slipped out of her hand and chipped.

The crystal did indeed slip out of her hand for a reason.

I had just gotten another fluorite heart that was magnificent.  Maybe the higher ups wanted her friend to have this one instead.

Maybe the child’s energy didn’t resonate with the fluorite.

Hopefully, this blog shed some light on why crystals fall, break, chip, disappear, etc.

In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers made turquoise the official birthstone of December.

Even though, we are more than half way through the astrological sign of Sagittarius, I want to wish all Sagittarians a very Happy Birthday! The other day, I was talking with my dear friend, telling him that I was running behind on the turquoise blog and that I kept putting it on the back burner. He came back with “Do you not like Sagittarians?” to which I retorted “Of course I do.  I love Sagittarians. Sagittarius is one of my favorite signs.”

TO ALL SAGITTARIANS

I am continually amused by your painfully blunt, brutally honest and most sincere comments and I am in awe of your profound wisdom and wise judgment.  Isn’t wisdom and judgment the definition of “sage”?  I believe that the word “Sagittarius” and “Sage” are similar for a reason and it is not a coincidence.  Then again, there is no such thing as coincidences!

WHAT IS TURQUOISE

Turquoise, known as the “Sky Stone” is mineral classified as a hydrous (containing water) copper aluminum phosphate. Turquoise is almost always cryptocrystalline ( crystal structure is so fine that no distinct particles can be seen without a powerful microscope) and without any specific outer shape.

Turquoise is easily identifiable by its coloring, nodular shape, cavities, conchoidal fractures and veins, all of which are a result of the way it forms. Its colors include powder blue, sky blue, greenish blue, yellowish green and white. The black flecks are usually pyrite and its thin veins are limonite.  The blue comes from its copper content while the green is usually the result of iron impurities (iron sometimes replaces the aluminum) or dehydration.

ANCIENT BEGINNINGS, ITS POPULARITY AND ITS NAME

Turquoise has been around a very long time and was one of the first gems mined.  People loved the coloring so much that turquoise became the name of the blue it resembled.

The Egyptians discovered and mined turquoise in the Sinai Peninsula at least 5000 years ago.

Turquoise was discovered in Persia (modern day Iran) over 2000 years ago and today Iran continues to produce some of the finest turquoise. While many of those mines have long been depleted, some are still being worked by hand or with little or no machinery.

Turquoise was so popular that it was worn by Pharaohs and Aztec Kings.  It still remains a popular stone..

As with most names, “turquoise” has many origins. One derivation is the French word “Turquie” for Turkey or Turkish.  This was most likely because turquoise was originally brought to Europe from the Turkish mines or through Turkey from the Persian mines.  The name could also come from the French words “pierre turquin” meaning dark blue stone.

The Persians had their own name for turquoise calling it “pirouzeh” for “victory.”  The domes atop Iranian palaces were made from turquoise because they believed that its intense blue color was a symbol of heaven on earth.

WHERE TURQUOISE IS FOUND

Turquoise is usually found in arid, semi-arid or desert regions where volcanic activity most likely took place. Turquoise is often found in cavities and fractures of volcanic rock. This explains the limonite and iron oxides in it.

For centuries, the most valuable turquoise came from Persia (Iran).  It was called “Persian Turquoise” and it didn’t have the black and brown veining common to turquoise found in the U.S. More recently, beautiful specimens have been produced in the southwestern U.S.  Significant turquoise deposits are found in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, California and Virginia too.  Today, Arizona is considered to be the biggest producer of Turquoise.  Being a copper based mineral, turquoise is often found around copper deposits and mines. It is often a byproduct of large-scale copper mining operations.

Other countries producing turquoise are Mexico, Chile, Australia, India, Afghanistan and China.  China has been a minor source of turquoise for over 3000 years.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MINERALS

Primary or accessory minerals are characteristically formed from molten magma or extreme temperatures and pressure usually deep within the earth’s crust.  In contrast, secondary minerals are a product of already formed minerals that had been exposed to hydrothermal alterations (caused by weathering) and / or oxidation.

WHY TURQUOISE IS A SECONDARY MINERAL

In simple terms, turquoise was formed when water from the ground seeped into the soil and mixed with aluminum rich minerals in the presence of copper.

Most likely, the copper in turquoise came from chalcopyrite, (a copper sulfide) or azurite or malachite, (both copper carbonates).  Its aluminum could very well have come from feldspar and its phosphorus could have come from apatite.

HOW DOES TURQUOISE FORM

Turquoise grows inside a mother rock, also known as the matrix. This matrix often appears as splotches or netted patterns of veins and is referred to as a “spider web matrix.” This is what creates the black and brown veins running throughout the stone.

As you see, nature plays a big part in the formation of turquoise and explains the various colors, shapes, cavities, fractures and veins.

IMITATION IS THE HIGHEST FORM OF FLATTERY.

When you have a stone as popular as turquoise, the demand is often hard to meet. Such was and continues to be the case with turquoise.  As a result, a whole new industry erupted aimed at capitalizing on profits.

The process of reconstitution and stabilization creating synthetic, simulated, treated, altered or enhanced turquoise emerged.  These treatments also include light waxing, oiling, dyeing and / or impregnating the color. This practice soon became commonplace with the lesser quality turquoise.

The most common imitation of turquoise is dyed blue howlite because howlite also has black veins. Even though howlite can appears as nodules, it does not have the matrix that turquoise does.  Magnesite and chrysocolla are two other minerals used for imitation turquoise.

CHALK TURQUOISE

Chalk Turquoise is considered a lower grade turquoise with many thoughts on what it actually is.  One theory is that it is a porous white stone that comes from China.  Another thought is that it is a turquoise with a yellowish green chalk like consistency resulting from high amounts of iron.  A third theory says it can’t be classified as turquoise since it doesn’t contain copper. (As you know now, copper gives turquoise its blue coloring). Another thought is that it is dyed magnesite.

A SACRED STONE USED IN RITUALS

Tibetans, North American Indians and shamans all over the world consider turquoise to be a very sacred stone, using it in many of their rituals and ceremonies.

TURQUOISE JEWELRY    VALUE AND WORTH

Turquoise is one of the most valuable opaque minerals used in jewelry.  Its waxy luster finish lends itself to beautiful jewelry when it is cut and polished. Like coral and other opaque gems, the price for turquoise is often based on its size rather than its weight.

Two main factors in determining the value of turquoise are its hardness and intensity of color. The color itself is not usually a good criteria, however experts feel that the blue resembling a robin’s egg is the most desirable. Regardless of the color, turquoise should not be excessively soft or chalky (that also pertains to treated turquoise).

NOT REAL HARD AND QUITE FRAGILE

The hardness of turquoise is slightly under 6 (a little more than window glass) which means it can fracture easily, yet turquoise can only be dissolved by hydrochloric acid.

Its fragile nature is another story.

The phosphorous content in turquoise makes it a fragile mineral sensitive to solvents, jewelry cleaning formulas, perfume, hairspray, cosmetics, skin oils, sunscreen and the like. These all can harm the natural finish and alter its color.

Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight should be avoided as it can distort the color and can dehydrate it.

CLEANING AND STORING

After using turquoise, gently clean it with a soft cloth to remove any residue. Turquoise should be stored in its own container or away from harder minerals which could scratch it.  Turquoise does best when it’s NOT stored in an airtight container.

BELIEFS AND LEGENDS

Many ancient civilizations shared the belief that turquoise possessed prophylactic qualities.  They also thought that turquoise would change color  according to the wearer’s health and protect him or her from unknown forces.

Many cultures held turquoise in high esteem believing that it was a holy stone or talisman that brought good fortune.

Turquoise had been referred to as the “gemstone of the people.”   In Persia, sky-blue turquoise was worn to provide protection from an unnatural death.  If the turquoise changed color, folks believed that impending danger or death was approaching.  Today, we understand that excessive exposure to light or reactions to dust, cosmetics or the acidity of our skin can change the color of turquoise.

PROPERTIES AND BENEFITS OF TURQUOISE

According to Melody (Love is in the Earth), “turquoise is a gift from Earth bringing the blue of Father Sky to the Earth and melding together the energies of the heavens with the consciousness of Mother Earth.”

Turquoise reinforces and aligns our chakras, meridians and our consciousness.  It benefits our throat, heart and naval chakras and brings love to everything connected with those 3 chakras.  Like most blue stones, turquoise has a strong connection to the throat chakra, the one associated with communication.  Turquoise helps us communicate and manifest wholeness and truth.  It compliments and arouses the throat chakra allowing for articulation and deep wisdom. (If those two last sentences don’t sound like they apply to most Sagittarians, I should give up my knowledge of crystals and astrology.  ; > ) One more word about turquoise and wisdom….Turquoise represents the wisdom that comes from all of our life’s experiences.

Getting back to “wholeness,” turquoise supports overall well being and encourages an even keel with regard to our mood and emotions.

The wisdom and message of turquoise is quite profound. When we let go of our insistence on getting “justice” and replace it with the ability to see others through eyes of compassion and forgiveness, we receive heartfelt loving gifts.

If the above isn’t enough to make you fall in love with  turquoise, here is more. Turquoise brings serenity, peace, kindness, understanding and mental and spiritual clarity.

This blue gem lifts our spirits, restores our lost vitality, heals our emotions, relieves stress and brings awareness to the heart.

Be sure to read the IMPORTANT MESSAGE at the end of the blog.

WHAT IS SHUNGITE

Shungite is a black stone that is usually shiny and intense in appearance.  It has a hardness of 3.5 – 4 and is often referred to as “black carbon”.

Shungite is a natural composition of primarily amorphous graphite (carbon), crystalline silicate particles and other minerals evenly distributed throughout the stone. The carbon in shungite gives it catalytic abilities, electro-conductivity and chemical resistance.  Its complex composition of materials, interesting structure and amazing properties make shungite quite unique.

The varying elements and non elements in shungite are as follows:

Carbon: 20% – 95%, Silicon: 5% – 60%, Aluminum: up to 4%, Iron: up to 3.5%, Magnesium: up to 3.5%, Kaliy: up to 12%, Sulfur : up to 1.2 %, Calcium: up to 0.58 %, Phosphorus:- up to 0.34 % and various other elements and concentrated organic matter

Shungite’s outward appearance resembles anthracite, a compact and lustrous coal mineral.  It also resembles black coal, most likely because it contains fullerenes.

WHAT IS FULLERENES , WHEN WAS IT DISCOVERED AND WHAT’S WITH THE NAME

A fullerene is a carbon molecule that is composed of an even number of atoms.  Fullerenes consist of hollow carbon ions in the shape of a sphere, ellipsoid or a tube and they resemble the outside covering of a football. These carbon ions enable shungite to open, save and receive ionic information with our body.

Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by a team of scientists from Rice University and the University of Sussex.   On October 9, 1996, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to 3 of those scientists: Professor Robert F. Curl, Jr., Professor Sir Harold W. Kroto and Professor Richard E. Smalley.

Fullerenes is named after Richard Buckminster  “Bucky” Fuller , a scientist and architect famous for designing the Geo Dome and other geodesic domes.

Near the end of 20th century, scientists concluded that fullerenes is a natural healer in its own right and shungite’s superpower was indeed a result of fullerenes.

WHERE SHUNGITE IS FOUND

The only place shungite is found is in a deposit in Zazhoginskoye, near Lake Onega in a region called Shung in the Republic of Karelia.  Karelia is north west of Russia and east of Finland.  Lake Onega is one of the largest lakes in Europe.

HOW OLD IS SHUNGITE

Russian scientists have been studying shungite for over 100 years and calculate its existence on earth at almost 2 billion years.  Even though shungite is a fairly new discovery and is still relatively unknown, it has already been coined “The Stone of Life,” The Stone of the 21st Century and Medicine of the 21st Century.

WHERE DID SHUNGITE COME FROM

There is only speculation as to where shungite originated.

Even though shungite resembles coal, at the time, there were no forests to form carbides such as coal.

Shungite is found deep in the layers of the Earth. It formed at a time when either no life forms existed on Earth or only proto bacteria existed in an atmosphere free of oxygen.

HOW DID IT FORM?

There are at least 3 theories explaining how shungite may have formed.

Primitive microscopic organisms existed in shallow areas of the ancient sea.  These eventually produced shungite.

Billions of years ago, a gigantic meteorite could have brought a part of a decomposed planet and landed in what is now known as Karelia.  This decomposed planet had carbon based life forms.  A side note:  Fullerenes WAS recently found in outer space.

Shungite could have formed when a volcano erupted since its form and structure are similar to volcanic ash.

HISTORY

In the early 1700s, Peter the Great of Russian had a palace built near a “magic” spring.  That area became the first Russian resort and was named “Martial Waters” after Mars, the god of war.

Back then, the Russians must have had an inkling about the powers of shungite water because they used it to cure all kinds of issues and dis-eases including  a weak stomach, vomiting, diarrhea, hypochondria, bile, scurvy, kidney problems and many others.

Peter the Great required every soldier to carry a piece of the unusual stone in their backpack.  Many believed that the reason the Russians prevailed in the battle of Poltava was because the soldiers had the shungite with them.

Today, the water at the Martial Resort continues to pass through the thick layers of shungite, exclusive to that area.

HEALING AND HEALTH BENEFITS

Its extensive diversity of healing properties makes shungite a mineral that is unlike any other.

Scientists who have studied, investigated and worked with shungite unanimously agree that it is a “miracle” mineral.

Some words that have been used to describe Shungite’s  miraculous powers are:  treats, saves, purifies, heals, cleans, protects, improves, normalizes,  neutralizes, restores, regenerates and even grows.

Shungite is the ideal stone to have on us because it heals on all levels.  Shungite is the stone of regeneration and revitalization. Shungite initiates cell rejuvenation and enhances cell and dna / rna repair.

Shungite eliminates, kills and absorbs everything that can do harm or impose a hazard to all living beings.  Shungite focuses on restoring all that is healthy, beneficial and useful for us.

Below is a list of MANY MORE HEALTH AND HEALING BENEFITS of shungite.  Wait til you read all the issues it’s good for.

Like many other minerals, shungite can be held, placed on or against the body, carried or consumed as an elixir.

There is much to appreciate about shungite.  Shungite eases headaches, stomach aches, backaches, rheumatism, nerve pain, nervousness and skin spots. It can stabilize our organs, our blood pressure, our bio light field and our immune system.  It can clear our respiratory tract, increase our sexual activity and help us sleep. It is also beneficial for our gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys and metabolism and varicose veins.

ELECTROMAGNETIC AND PATHOGENIC RADIATION

We all know that radiation exposure can cause heart and cancer dis-ease.  Shungite is biologically active and can neutralize or lessen the intensity of high frequency electromagnetic emissions. This powerful stone can shield us from the electromagnetic radiation that comes from computers, microwaves, TVs, mobile phones, power lines, etc.  Shungite pyramids are particularly beneficial against that harmful radiation.

What is amazingly unusual is that shungite can store electric current with out creating magnetic fields. Even more spectacular is that shungite takes the negative frequency out of any electro magnetic field which is not in tune with our DNA Light pulse frequency.

SHUNGITE WATER NEVER NEEDS PURIFICATION

For thousands of years, the natural shungite water from Lake Onega in Russia has never needed purification prior to drinking.

Shungite is a more safe and effective method of “disinfecting” and cleaning our drinking water than boiling or using chlorine.   One reason for this is because shungite has strong antibacterial abilities.

Shungite has the ability to eliminate almost all organic compounds (including pesticides), metals (including copper and iron), chlorine, bacteria, nitrates, magnesium and harmful micro-organisms from our water.

Beginning in the 1990s,  shungite water filters were used commercially.  During that time, many experiments and studies were conducted on shungite’s influence on the human body.  Scientists concluded that shungite water was absolutely safe, non-toxic and consumable without the need to boil first.

In one experiment, water was contaminated with concentrated groups of A and D streptococcus.  After 30 minutes in shungite water, both groups of streptococcus were significantly decreased.

DRINKING SHUNGITE WATER

Drinking at least 2-3 glasses of shungite water daily can cure or prevent digestive, muscular and / or neural system illnesses and increase blood circulation.

Shungite water is also beneficial for the treatment of the following:  acne, allergies (all kinds), anemia, asthma, cardiovascular dis-eases, chronic fatigue, common cold, diabetes, upset stomach, indigestion, gall bladder issues including inflammation, gastritis, immune system (weak), impotence, kidney dis-ease, liver dis-ease, pancreas dis-ease, skin issues including redness.

Shungite water has an antihistaminic effect. After drinking shungite water, there is a dramatic decrease of histamine in the blood stream, which helps reduce allergies.

APPLYING SHUNGITE WATER WHERE NEEDED

“Shungite water” provides powerful cures for many illnesses and helps improve many issues.

Shungite water has been found to rejuvenate our  face and skin, improve skin elasticity, eliminate skin dis-eases and smooth our wrinkles.

Washing with or applying shungite water to our hair can restore its health, strengthen hair roots, fight dandruff and prevent hair loss.

Shungite water helps heal burns, cuts, rough patches of skin, arthritis, osteoarthritis and varicose veins.

Shungite water  “mouth wash” can cure sore throats, stomatitis, colds and tonsillitis.

DAY TO DAY LIVING

Shungite helps combat stress and our environment , two things that adversely affect our health.

EVIL EYE PROTECTION

Shungite guards against the evil eye and protects us from negative fields and influences that can have serious effects on our health.

SHUNGITE BENEFITS ANIMALS TOO

Shungite is even beneficial to animals.  Animals in Karelia with digestive or other health issues find the stone and lick it.

From my own personal experience with shungite and hearing what others have experienced with this powerful stone, I have to agree that shungite is most definitely the miracle “medicine stone of the 21^st century”.

IMPORTANT MESSAGE

Most crystal enthusiasts are aware of the strength and power of crystals.  That being said, I have to say that shungite is by far the most powerful crystal I have ever been around.

A WORD ABOUT POWERFUL CRYSTALS…

Powerful crystals can give us all kinds of reactions.  They can range from minor discomfort to mild annoyances to almost violent reactions.  Crystals can make us dizzy, light headed, nauseas and cause headaches, cramps, trembles, uncontrollable shaking and pains in various areas of our body.

If you ever experience any of these symptoms, we don’t believe that (in most cases) it is cause for alarm.  Based on experience, we feel that these uncomfortable symptoms are usually a result of the crystal working their magick and bringing out, eradicating, opening up and unblocking what is doing harm within our body.

When working with a new crystal for the first time, please exercise caution and awareness.  If you ever initially experience an unpleasant side effect, please ONLY use the crystal for short periods of time until your body adjusts to it and its energy. Begin by simply holding it in your hand for a few minutes at a time. Hold off on putting it in your bra or kept on your body for long periods of time.  This also holds true for drinking a gem elixir.

You will most likely find that the symptoms eventually ease up and go away once the crystal has done what it needs/needed to do. If you initially experienced a strong reaction to the crystal, it may be one that you need to work with from time to time.

Nirvana Quartz ,  AKA Ice Quartz and Kulli Quartz, is a rare and recent discovery.  In 2006, these different looking quartz crystals were discovered over 18,000 feet up in the Himalaya Mountains in India.  Today, the mines are believed to be completely depleted of these special crystals.

These crystals are referred to as “growth interference” crystals because calcite or other minerals grew inside the quartz during its formative years. Eventually, these mineral inclusions dissolved leaving the crazy shapes.

How “Nirvana Quartz” formed:

It is believed that they remained under ice for thousands of years. When the glaciers began to melt, as a result of global warming, these crystals became exposed. Their serrated, contoured and often stubby “icy” formations resemble the sheets of ice and crevices that were hiding them for so long.

The nirvana ice comes in two colors, clear and pink, with neither one more common. The pink is a result of mineral inclusions (most likely iron) that formed in or near the surfaces. Even though each piece has its own irregular shape with no two being alike, they belong to the same family: quartz (silicon dioxide).

Having been buried for so long, they have now finally come alive and want to help us adjust to what lies ahead. It is not surprising that their energy represents our past and our future. Nirvana, as it pertains to this crystal, means “enlightenment” and nirvana quartz is indeed associated with our inner enlightenment.

Nirvana provides a link between our head and our heart. Even though clear nirvana represents our head and pink represents our heart, the energy from either flows between our head and our heart.

In preparing for meditation, nirvana quartz brings us profound peace, inner silence and quiets our thoughts. To paraphrase Melody, “Love Is In the Earth”, regarding “growth interference quartz”… Nirvana helps us access the astral, ethereal and other higher realms to help us remove barriers and understand the step wise progression. It helps us understand and get through traumas and change with ease. Nirvana also teaches us that the end of every journey or experience is the beginning of enjoyment and pleasure.

Nirvana’s energy is a gentle strength that even those who are not normally tuned into crystals can feel. The more we work with nirvana, the more we receive conscious messages and visions which unfold providing us guidance in reaching our highest and best path.

Nirvana ice helps us overcome challenges and painful experiences while still maintaining strength and inner beauty.

Thank you also to Robert Simmons and Naisha Ahsian, co-authors of the “The Book of Stones” for their valuable info on this fabulous stone.

Once the “nirvana ice” is gone, chances are they are gone forever. That explains why they are on the expensive side. If you are drawn to these VERY SPECIAL CRYSTALS, you should get them now.   You most likely will see them for more money elsewhere.

We have a few more pieces of this very special crystal in clear, pink and very light pink.

WHAT IS TOPAZ……..

Topaz is the birthstone of November and it is part of the nesosilicate subclass of the silicate family. Nesosilicates are the simplest formation of silicates (an individual silicon-oxygen tetrahedral). The chemical name of  topaz is aluminum, silicate fluoride hydroxide and its chemical formula is Al2SiO4 (F, OH)3

Topaz crystals are often prismatic with two different prisms forming a rounded or sharp diamond shaped cross section. Its terminations are usually covered by a dome that resembles a roof top.

The facets and ends of topaz crystals are believed to have both positive and negative energies through which a request to the universe can be focused and then manifested on earth.  More on that in a few paragraphs.

Not only is Topaz the hardest silicate mineral, it is #8 out of 10 on the Moh’s scale of hardness.

MANY HAVE EXPRESSED THAT THEY DON’T CARE FOR TOPAZ…

Topaz, the birthstone of November and one that is considered a Scorpio and Sagittarian stone, is a crystal that I have recently come to appreciate. Over the years, many folks told me they had a November birthday and came back with “I don’t like my birthstone.”

Most expressed that yellow topaz looked washed out, saying they much preferred citrine as their birthstone. With yellow and gold not being my favorite colors and having heard it over and over, I could understand what they were saying.

Three things caused my topaz epiphany: seeing NATURAL yellow topaz, realizing that topaz comes in colors other than “drab” yellow and discovering silver topaz. I have come to appreciate and love topaz and chances are that you will too once you read about it.

COLORS OF TOPAZ….

Topaz crystals come in a range of transparent to translucent colors. In addition to yellow, topaz can be blue, brown, orange, clear, gray, green-red, red yellow, silver, multi-colored and the more rare reddish pink. There is also rutilated topaz.

HEALING AND METAPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Topaz is a lovely mellow and empathic stone to have, whether you are a November baby or not.

Topaz supports our affirmations, manifestations and visualizations. Topaz represents “the laws of attraction” and manifestation. Its vibration provides the magnetic effect while its gentle colors influence the manifesting.

One beautiful aspect of topaz is that its energy is directed to where it is needed most. Topaz soothes, heals, stimulates, recharges, re-motivates and aligns the meridians of our body.

Topaz encourages honesty, openness, forgiveness, creativity, individuality, self realization, expression of our ideas and confidence in our decisions. This lovely stone helps us discover our inner “riches.”

Topaz releases tensions and discourages doubt and uncertainty. Topaz encourages a trust in the universe to let us “be.”

Topaz sheds light on our path, taps into our inner resources and emphasizes a successful attainment of our goals.

Topaz is a stone of love and good fortune and its vibrant energy brings joy, generosity, abundance, good health, relaxation.  This gentle stone makes us feel confident and philanthropic and encourages us to share our good fortune and spread sunshine all around.

Topaz cleans the aura and replaces negativity with happiness and love. Negativity does not survive around joyful topaz.

Topaz can speed up “spiritual journeys” that normally involve long and hard work.

SOME TOPAZ COLORS AND THEIR REPRESENTATIONS…

Blue Topaz: connection to the angelic realms, brings ancient wisdom, communication, expression, calms and soothes the whole body, reduces stress, inspires, uplifts, eases throat issues

Clear Topaz: self confidence, utilizing our talents and skills, taking action, removes self imposed restrictions, strengthens nerves, nervous exhaustion, increases appetite, activates metabolism

Green Topaz: sense of wonder, freshness and joy, brings peacefulness, provides strength to those who have many and long drawn out challenges, benefits heart and lungs, lymph drainage, assimilates nutrients, “be kind to yourself” message

Imperial Topaz:  connection to higher self, understanding of who we truly are, path to enlightenment, clears meridians, cleanses chakras, confidence, and belief in our abilities, creating ideas and the confidence to make them happen, aids nervous system and exhaustion, optimum metabolism, stimulates appetite

Pink Topaz:  hope and optimism, comforts and soothes emotions, encourages us to love ourselves (and ultimately others) benefits blood flow, and heart function

Silver Topaz: psychic awareness, communication with higher realms, remembers forgotten memories and ancient wisdoms of this and past lives, clear and analytical thinking, lessens and removes all kinds of blockages, increases blood flow and efficiency of body system, beneficial for respiratory, circulatory and digestive issues

Smokey Topaz: extremely protective, stimulates intellect, encourages abstract thinking and creativity and manifestation of it, lessens negativity, tension, exhaustion and pain issues arising from liver , gall bladder and endocrine gland dis-orders, benefits blood circulation, nervous system, detoxifies body, strengthens liver and kidneys, gallbladder, spleen, tissue regeneration, digestion and sexual dysfunction

Yellow Topaz: energizes all areas of the physical body, brings vitality energy and a sense of power, aids liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, stomach, skin and nervous system, helps eating dis-orders, enhances emotional and mental states

FOLKLORE AND LEGEND…

The Egyptians believed that Topaz had a connection with “Ra”, their sun god.  They made topaz amulets and wore them for his protection.

The Romans also believed that Topaz was associated with their sun god, Jupiter.

As early as the 1100s, topaz (and rubies too) were believed to be powerful healers of many physical complaints. They were soaked in wine and the “medical” remedy would be consumed.

Legendary belief is that topaz removes our fascinations and directs its energy toward increasing our strength. It is believed to make those wearing it “invisible” in emergencies.

PRIMARY SOURCES OF TOPAZ

The most common sources of topaz are Minas Gerais, Brazil, Pakistan, San Diego, CA, the Thomas Range in Utah, the Ural Mountains in Russia and Mexico.

The arrival of October has me asking “Where did this year go?  Wasn’t it just June?

Happy Birthday to all the gentle, gracious and agreeable Libras.  I promise not to ask you which restaurant to go to tonight.  I like to have dinner before 2 AM.  ; > )

To me, October represents the beginning of Autumn, cooler weather, Halloween, Thanksgiving around the corner, followed by the Holidays and a New Year before we know it.

Like its predecessor month, October’s birthstone starts with the same first letter as its name.  “O” for Opal.  In 1912, opals were made the official birthstone of October by the American National Association of Jewelers.

Opals are a favorite among many collectors despite the fact that they are brittle, not terribly heat resistant and scratch easily.

Where the name “opal” came from….

There are several origins on the name “opal.” Pliny the Elder, a Roman author, philosopher and commander in the Roman Empire named the stone after Saturn’s wife “Ops,” the goddess of fertility. The Roman word “opalus” means “to see a change in color.”  The Greek word “opillos” has two meanings “seeing” and “other” as in “alias.” The Sanskrit word “upala” means “valuable stone.”  Take your pick.

What are opals?

Opals are hydrated silica which is a composition of silica and water. The water content of most opals is between 6% – 10%.

Opals are an amorphous (not having a distinct shape) mineraloid, which means that unlike minerals, they do not have a true crystalline structure. However, some opals do have crystalline formations that started to form. These opals are known as cryptocrystalline or microcrystalline opals.

Even though opals aren’t truly crystalline, they do have an internal structure.  They have many VERY tiny stacked silica spheres that can be seen with a microscope. Millions of these amorphous silica spheres are closely bonded together and are stacked in a 3 dimensional formation. The miniscule silica spheres and the voids that form between them create a grating. This grating is what causes the diffraction of white light or sunlight. Diffraction is the process of light waves being divided when they pass through something solid. It is this process that creates the beautiful display of rainbow colors. The size of the voids between the tiny spheres plays a big part in how the light is split and the colors it produces. (Sorry that this is so technical!)

This is a big difference between opals and other gemstones, which get their colors primarily from impurities.

An interesting note…

The term “opalescence” is often used to describe the opal’s phenomenal display of colors, however the correct term for that is “play of color.”

The correct application of the word “opalescence” is the reference to the milky, cloudy and opaqueness of “common” opal, aka “potch”.  There is no display of color in potch opal.  More on that in a moment…

Where most opals are found…..

Over 90% of the worlds opals are found in Australia and not surprisingly opals are the national gemstone of that great country.

The town of Coober Pedy in South Australia is a major producer of opals. If you want to read about a most fascinating town, where there are underground homes and businesses. You may want to Google “Coober Pedy.”

The largest and most valued gem opal was discovered in August 1956 at the “Eight Mile” opal field in Coober Pedy. Its name is “Olympic Australis”and it is 17,000 carats, 11 inches long, 4 ¾” tall and 4 ½” wide. It is quite valuable.

How opals grow ….

Opals are usually found in the cracks and crevices of many kinds of rock including sandstone, claystone (AKA bulldog shale) basalt, limonite, marl and rhyolite. Opal deposits are usually spread over a large area and finding them can be difficult.

One reason opals can be expensive…

Mining for opals is usually done by individuals who work with hand operated machinery, small instruments and explosives as opposed to large mining companies.

Coloring of opals….

Opals can be translucent, opaque or a host of colors: white, clear, yellow, gray, green, olive, blue, magenta, pink, rose, orange, red, slate, brown and black. White opals are the most common (60%) with black opals comprising 8% of the market.

Properties of opals…..

The many types of opals have their own properties, however there are inherent properties that ALL opals share. One is their ability to magnify our good and not so good traits and attributes.  This can be a good thing because it encourages us to change our undesirable characteristics.  Opals put us in touch with our own creativity by providing us inspiration and imagination. Opals help release our inhibitions to follow through on clean, true and spontaneous action.  All opals purify our blood and kidneys, regulate insulation production, ease our fears, help with vision dis-orders and stimulate our circulation.

Many varieties of opals…..

There are many kinds of opals, however only the following will be mentioned in this blog: Common Opals (which include Fire Opals), Precious Opals, Peruvian Blue Opals, Boulder Opals (which includes Matrix Opals) and Synthetic Opals.

** COMMON OPAL (POTCH) Has no display of “fire” because their internal make-up is not stacked or consistent in size.  Clarity varies

Coloring: usually opaque, can be clear, white, pink, blue, brown, black, yellow, orange and red.  The yellow, orange and red colors are considered Fire Opals.

Less valuable than precious opal

Lower vibration frequency than other opals

Gentle energies, extremely calming, soothing and relaxing

Benefits those who are overwhelmed by stress or who use stones that are too powerful for them

Clear common opals can be faceted

Various properties of the common opals:

White: purifies our energy field, cleans, rebalances and supports our chakras, attracts angels

Pink: emotional healing, especially subconscious pain, resolves painful wounds and remembrances from past lives or dreams, gentleness and compassion for ourselves

Blue: counteracts restless thoughts, place under the pillow to quiet an active mind, remembering our dreams, encourages expression of our feelings

Brown and Black: helps physical healing, supports our emotions, eases isolation, lifts depression, stimulates 1^st and 2^nd chakras increases our life force

** FIRE OPAL (AKA MEXICAN FIRE OPAL), a form of COMMON OPAL.

Coloring:  vivid and intense orange, yellow, orange-yellow or orange-red transparent or translucent, can have bright green flashes, although don’t usually have a display of color.

Originally found in Mexico and now mined in other countries

Properties:  mystery, variety, progress and change, reflection upon life, benefits eyesight, emphysema and central nervous system

**PERUVIAN BLUE OPALS (aka blue opal)

Coloring: greenish blue opaque or translucent.  No display of colors

Properties: aids sleep, calms the mind.

The blue opal is found in the area of the Andes Mountains.

The blue opal is the gemstone of Peru.

** PRECIOUS OPAL (AKA Noble Opal)  Contains “fire”

Coloring:  white (milky colored) or black

White Precious Opal: (aka “crystal” opal) most well known

Properties: intense spiritual energy, release of our unhealthy energies, intensifies our positive and negative emotions, brings to our conscious whatever needs clearing

Black Precious Opal: similar to white, however its dark background (black, dark gray or dark blue) really shows off the iridescent “fire.”

Properties: magic and mystery. Links our root chakra to crown chakra, thus connecting our spiritual to our physical, very powerful manifestation stone, magnifies the intensity and effect of our emotions and intentions, releases karmic patterns from previous lifetimes, represents death and rebirth

Interesting Fact:  cannot be faceted

The Virgin Valley Black fire Opal is the state gemstone of Nevada

**  BOULDER OPALS

Opal that forms on ironstone boulders …the ironstone backing makes it very durable

MATRIX OPAL is boulder opal that is mixed throughout the ironstone

Properties:  connection to the stars, brings about communication between the Earth and the star children, clears our aura, brings about all aspects of healing, removes cobwebs from our mind

The water content is very low, so it seldom cracks as it ages.

**  SYNTHETIC OPALS

All types of opals have been lab created since 1974. These synthetic gems are made from exactly the same material as “natural” gems with almost the same exact structure. Only with a magnifier can an expert distinguish a synthetic opal from a natural opal.  The pattern of the synthetics has more regularity and the arrangement resemble the skin of a lizard. Synthetics are usually not as dense and are often more porous than natural opals.

Since opals are popular in jewelry, they are often enhanced to be gem quality.  One way of enhancing their colors is by attaching the thin outer layer of the opal to a dark mineral, sometimes one that it grows with. The dark mineral “backing” makes the display of colors even more spectacular. A thin domed outer layer of quartz or plastic can both protect the opal and magnify the display of colors.

Beliefs about opals……

Throughout the years and depending on the civilizations, opals were considered to bring hope, evil, good luck and bad luck.

During the Middle Ages, opal was considered a stone of good luck. With their wide spectrum of colors, opals were believed to possess all the benefits of every gemstone.

In the 1800s, some superstitious folks believed that only those who had birthdays in October should wear opals. They thought that others who wore them would have bad luck or a horrible fate.

As recently as 100 years ago, many Russians believed that the opal represented the evil eye.

Other places where opals are found…….

Significant deposits of precious opal have also been found in Brazil, the Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Japan, Nicaragua,Slovakia, Turkey and the U.S.

In late 2008, NASA announced that opal deposits were discovered on Mars.